Dr. Dean Toriumi’s Guide to Recovery after Facelift

Category : Region III

Dr. Dean Toriumi’s Guide to Recovery after Facelift

As a professor teaching facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, I constantly emphasize the importance of aftercare in the recovery stage of facelift surgery But it’s most important for patients to have reasonable expectations for surgery, and to follow post-surgical recommendations to help meet these expectations.

 

Compared to other types of surgeries, the recovery period from a facelift procedure is brief for most patients; however, as with all surgeries, some factors should be taken into consideration.

 

Post-Operative Expectations

You can expect some scars from a facial surgery; however, experienced facial plastic surgeons aim to minimize scars while hiding them as much as possible. After healing, the scars will start to diminish and fade, and they won’t be as visible as they are right after surgery.

 

Don’t expect 100 percent positive results from a facelift right after the surgery. You may experience fluid retention, blood retention under the skin, numbness, and mild to medium pain. Swelling and bruising are normal right after facelift surgery. But if you follow your surgeon’s recommendations, your goals are much more likely to be realized.

 

Post-Operative Complications

The most common complication of facelift surgery is reaction to anesthesia, which can result in nausea. This complication is usually short-term and will usually resolve within twenty four hours after surgery.

Some bleeding after the surgery is normal; however, excessive bleeding can be dangerous as well as resulting in unwanted and painful hematomas. Hematomas develop when under-the-skin bleeding occurs. When a hematoma develops, surgery may be required to remove the blood and stop the bleeding.

Aftercare may include prescription of antibiotics to prevent infection. Signs that an infection is developing include swelling (although some is natural), sensitivity of the skin, redness, and localized heat. If you feel that an infection is developing, seek medical care right away in order to prevent spread of the infection.

From time to time patients will experience nerve injury that affects controlling the muscles of the face. Around the incision areas, some may experience numbness or tingling and of course crusting over the incision. These effects are usually temporary.

Rare complications can include skin necrosis or hair loss or skin discoloration. These conditions can last for several months after the surgery or leave permanent scarring.

 

Recovery Time

Recovery time varies from patient to patient depending upon their specific circumstances and the intensity of the procedures involved in the surgery. Some people recover from the surgery and can return to work in a week or two, while other recovery times may be from last several weeks in some more complex surgeries. To lessen the recovery time, it’s critical to follow your surgeon’s post-operative and recovery procedures.

Directives may include keeping incisions dry; avoiding alcohol and/or smoking; restricting exposure to blow dryers, jewelry, or direct sunlight; limitations on physical activities including exercise, work, and sexual activity; and getting plenty of rest. The directives are intended to improve your healing and shorten the recovery time. If you do not understand specific instructions or the logic behind them, please discuss the matter with your surgeon.

Dr. Dean Toriumi‘s expertise and experience have made him one of the most respected facial plastic surgeons in the world. As a Facial Plastic Surgeon, Dr. Dean Toriumi serves as Professor in the Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the College of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He is consulted by many facial plastic surgeons around the world.

Dr. Dean Toriumi‘s expertise and experience have made him one of the most respected facial plastic surgeons in the world. As a Facial Plastic Surgeon, Dr. Dean Toriumi serves as Professor in the Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the College of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He is consulted by many facial plastic surgeons around the world.

 


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Orange County, Florida Schools Push For Improvement After Poor Reviews

Category : Region I

Orange County, Florida Schools Push For Improvement After Poor Reviews

There are many Orange County Public Schools systems throughout the nation. There are Orange Counties in Virginia, North Carolina, California, and Florida to name a few. Issues and challenges may vary from Orange County Schools to Orange County Schools, but the basic drive is the same – to give students the best quality education possible.

Orange County Schools in Orlando are no exception. School choice, as mandated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, is present throughout these Orange County Schools. Improvements in reading education and reading fluency are also hot topics.

It may be hard to believe that a school district could raise the reading scores of struggling students by as much as two grade levels each year, but Orange County Schools are doing just that. The most challenging group of students to bring up to grade level are students in middle and upper grades. These Orange County Schools students are a lot less motivated, and have even lost a lot of their trust in the learning process, believing they are too dumb to learn. Many educators have come to realize that it’s going to take extreme measures to change such these students’ lives. Interventions are required at all levels – from the superintendent’s office on down to the humble classroom. One Orange County Schools intervention that has been put into place – with amazing results – is the Orange County Literacy Project.

In addition, a recent report was solicited by Orange County Schools from the Phyllis C. Hunter Consulting Firm. The firm recently presented an evaluation of the Orange County Schools, and how the district can best improve its reading instruction. The report, entitled “Reading Leadership in a Standards-based Reform”, covered numerous aspects that need to be addressed. Among them:

-All students have the right to reading instruction that enables them to meet high standards

-A Comprehensive Reading Program includes these six elements:

(1) Phonemic and phonological awareness
(2) Systematic phonics
(3) Vocabulary and background knowledge
(4) Fluency
(5) Comprehension
(6) Motivation

-Necessary criteria for increasing reading achievement:

(1) Minimum of 90 minutes of protected time for reading instruction to close the gap

(2) Smaller class sizes for intervention (15 to 20 students per class) to individualize and adjust instruction for all students

(3) Technology in classrooms to create a scope and sequence of individualized instruction for all students

(4) Commitment, by administrators, to learning about reading process instruction and what it looks like in a successful classroom

(5) Continual professional development for intervention program teachers

In accordance with a 1970 court order enacted by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, Orange County Schools offers its students and parents many avenues of school choice. They are:

Majority to Minority Transfers
No Child Left Behind
Opportunity Scholarship
Exceptional Education Program Placement
McKay Scholarship Transfer Academic Transfer
Childcare Transfer
Graduation Transfer
Magnet Transfer
Medical Transfer
Mid-Year Transfer
Psychological Transfer
School Personnel Transfer
Sibling Transfer
Work-Related Transfer

For more information on the requirements to make any of these types of transfers, visit the Orange County Schools district website.

To read about health benefits of radishes and healthy milkshakes, visit the Healthy Food List site.


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The Metaphysical View of Death and Life After Death Part 10

Category : Region IV

The Metaphysical View of Death and Life After Death Part 10

Astral projection is an occult art that was commonly practiced by ancient mystics. Apollonius of Tyana, Yeheshuah (Jesus Christ) and many other mystics often used the ability in their ministry and work. In centuries past and up to this very day, Wicca, or the tradition of witchcraft, teaches its adherents the secrets of astral projection. The superstition that witches rode on broomsticks to their covens actually stems upon the fact that witches were adepts in the art of astral projection and astral travelling. The art of astral projection was kept secret throughout the centuries until the inception and commencement of parapsychological research in the previous century by reputable and eminent scientists. What was once shrouded in mystery and transmitted secretly to initiates, are now being rediscovered or taught openly to the public through the mass media.

This occurred because early parapsychological findings paved a way for the revelation of such arcane knowledge. People were made ready for the knowledge and power that occultism had to confer. In contemporary times, Carl Jung, the great psychoanalyst, experienced many OBEs and commented on the “absolute objectivity” of his experiences. Other famous persons who had OBEs were among others, St. Augustine, Goethe, Plato, Aristotle, Wordsworth, Alfred Tennyson, and Ernest Hemingway.

Astral projection, like NDEs, is one of the ways that an individual may prove to him or herself of the truth of the survival of consciousness at the time of transition–that the self, the personal consciousness may function independently of the physical brain and organism. Death is no longer feared, and in a sense, may be said to be “eradicated” once a single astral projection is experienced and apprehended.

Hypnotic-Regression of the Soul

Hypnotism has come a long way since the days of Anton Mesmer and his concept of “animal magnetism.” It has passed through many changes of techniques and used for various purposes such as entertainment, self-improvement and healing. Certain principles or tools of psycho-transformation such as affirmation, or “subtle suggestion” are linked to the Mesmeric tradition. In recent years hypnotherapy, or hypnotism used as a therapeutical tool, commenced a new line of probing into the depths of the human psyche. This occurred when certain individuals had spontaneous recollection of their past-lives. If hypnotism could be used to stir and dig up the memory of the present life, could it not also be used to probe deeper into the memory of the psyche to acquire information of a life lived in a past identity or incarnation? This question asked by experts in hypnosis was based on the concept of reincarnation. The underlying premise was that if reincarnation were true, the results of deeper probings into the psyche would offer clues as to its reality. In this section we will not discuss the results of such findings, suffice to say that many case studies of soul-regression into past lives were found to be plausible and later discovered through research to actually be historically-based. What we will consider briefly here are the findings of soul-regression through hypnosis–in the theta-state-pertaining to soul-memory of the transition state and the life beyond the Great Change. This field of study and investigation is just another logical step from the previous probings into past life experiences.

Our main (and only) source of information concerning this subject is derived from Michael Newton. After investigating the matter for several years along the lines that we have delineated above, he published his findings in the Journey of Souls. One of his main discoveries is that not all souls are of the same spiritual age; that souls may be classified as to their soul-age or evolutionary status. This spiritual principle is actually the origin of the caste system formed in ancient India. Broadly speaking, souls of the same class or spiritual age usually conform to a certain set of experiences during transition and in their “placement” which souls of a higher class usually bypass or do not normally undergo. This corresponds to the general idea of Bardo experiences where one may liberate oneself at any stage, relinquishing the need to experience the following phases–and this usually conforms with soul age and experience. Newton discovered that there was a “homogeneity of experience” among his subjects in the transitional experience, especially when it progressed through further stages.

Subjects of soul-regression declare that after the initial surprise of being alive during and after transition with its concomitant deathbed visions, a certain white light emerges and attracts their attention. This stage is often accompanied by divine music. From the point of view of Tibetan metaphysics, this white light is none other than the Clear Light of the Void manifesting in the secondary stage of Chikai. Ignorant of what is to be accomplished at this stage, some of the subjects of Newton simply passed on to another stage of the bardo where the judgment or the “tunnel effect” was experienced. Some report of having hovered over the dead body for several days because of confusion, anger or bewilderment. This usually occurs to those who were killed or murdered unexpectedly. We may equate this experience with the latter part of the Chonyid or Sidpa bardo.

Almost all subjects of deathbed visions describe the “tunnel-effect” where one feels oneself travelling through a long dark tunnel to an uncertain destination represented by a point of light at the distance. This light gets closer and closer as one approaches its source. In occultism, this light is actually the light of the astral realms and should not be confused with the Clear White Light of the Bardo, which is essentially a state of illumination. The tunnel-effect is an experience of the crossing of the veil that separates the physical from the astral regions. It is a “movement” into a different dimension, a birthing into a higher world. After the tunnel effect, and while still being a little disoriented, subjects report on experiencing vibrations of love, comfort and companionship emanating from what they later discovered to be a reception committee comprising of close friends, relatives and their personal, spiritual guide. This “reception committee” Newton found, is always planned well in advance of the soul’s transition by the soul’s personal and spiritual guide to assist it in adjusting to new conditions. Advance souls; however, according to certain case studies, go through the white light experience and the tunnel-effect very quickly. Most of these souls often go straight to their destined realm without undergoing the preliminary stages of meeting with loved ones. Newton believes that these souls do not require the comfort and solace from other beings that young souls usually crave for. After adjusting to the vibratory condition of the astral realm, Newton’s subjects marvel at the remarkable sight awaiting them, and they are usually at a loss for words. Newton comments on this:

“I enjoy hearing from subjects about the first images of the spirit world. People may see fields of wildflowers, castle towers rising in the distance, or rainbows under an open sky . . .” (1995:24)

And he continues:

“Regardless of their state of mind right after death, my subjects are full of exclamations about discovering marvels of the spirit world. Usually, this feeling is combined with euphoria that all their worldly cares have been left behind, especially physical pain.” (1995:25)

After meeting beloved ones, most souls are brought to special places designed to heal past traumatic experiences. In these healing centers subjects describe themselves as being bathed in swirling light. Those who are seriously damaged in a psychological way, and who possess negative, or evil tendencies, are brought to rehabilitation centers by their guides and secluded for a period of time.

After the required healing, souls are sent to the realm corresponding to their spiritual attainment. This is described in the Journey of Souls as “placement.” Subjects describe riding on a beam of light, a current of energy, to their destination whether it be in the upper astral or the lower mental. In placements, souls are brought to their spiritual group comprising of individuals of a similar evolutionary status, and they normally do not wander form their group to join other associations. According to Newton’s subjects, in the subtle spheres, the age of the soul manifests in a certain colour or hue in their aura; these souls of a certain evolutionary status (colour) congregate together to form their spiritual group, which is presided or directed by a higher soul functioning as guide and teacher. In these groups discussions take place concerning experiences in the newly-terminated life. The discussions that take place are not unlike the group discussions that occur in a psychotherapeutical meeting where one’s attitudes, motives and feelings for a certain action are analyzed and where one’s behavioral pattern or habit is rationalized by the psychotherapist, or others within the group. The spirit world, as we can see from this, is a time for evaluation, assimilation, and analysis. According to subjects, some of the activities that souls engage in are research and study in libraries or spiritual work undertaken at the direction of their spiritual guides. Similar to the teachings of the Occult Tradition, the case studies of Newton indicates an active life in the higher planes where one may study the various fine arts and sciences or express one’s creativity in the art of mental creation, or alchemical precipitation. In the heavenly worlds a soul must learn how to utilize the mental and psychic faculties effectively in order to accomplish creative works.

In these fraternal groups of the astral regions, plans are also made for new challenges in the physical world through incarnation. Sometimes agreements are formed between members of these group-minds to incarnate together to carry-out certain tasks or for certain experiences beneficial to soul-growth. For instance, the marriage-made-in-heaven concept is actually formed by souls in the higher worlds who are karmically connected or spiritually related. Choosing a soul-entity to be one’s earth marriage partner is done out of free-will as is the choice to reincarnate–though within the bounds of karma. These chosen partners may or may not come from the same group; however, as it all depends on the lessons that the soul wishes to learn. Before incarnating, these married-couples-to-be formulate certain signs that they would have to look for or to be aware of in the circumstances of their physical plane meeting and in each other to realize the soul-agreement existing between them and that they are, in fact, “soul-mates.”

These signs are not usually known or remembered on the conscious level. It is triggered into conscious knowing and feeling from the subconscious mind level through the actual manifestation of those signs on the physical plane. Although gender manifests universally in the physical plane, souls are described by Newton’s subjects to be androgynous and manifests in the male or female form in the astral worlds out of preference. Lacking any permanent sexual form, it is thus possible for a soul-entity to embody in the physical world as a male or a female human being.

In contradistinction to “placement,” some soul-entities are “displaced.” Newton describes them in the following:

“There are two types of displaced souls: those who do not accept the fact their physical body is dead and fight returning to the spirit world for reasons of personal anguish, and those souls who have been subverted by, or had complicity with, criminal abnormalities in a human body.” (1995:45)

Indeed, this is an interesting subject, we will therefore discuss this briefly. Paranormal researchers have found that some souls are not aware of their transition. This is usually the result of violent deaths where the permanent atoms are expelled from the physical form simultaneously causing consciousness, or self-awareness to be retained throughout the experience. One of the reasons that makes it so difficult for such souls to accept their condition is that they feel their astral form to be no different from the physical–that, in fact, it feels solid and very much alive. Another reason is that they are unattended and ungreeted by those on the Otherside to give comfort, solace and appropriate information. As a result, these souls become confused, frustrated and “lost.” These souls are trapped in time and space and sustain their entrapment in the physical plane because of their ignorance. In spiritualism, these are called “earthbound spirits.” The motion-picture “Ghost” and many others illustrate this earthbound condition. Only after certain discoveries–at times with the aid of spiritual guides–do these earthbound spirits discover their position and condition. At times the help of guides are rejected thus prolonging the soul’s earthbound condition. Such souls usually bind themselves to a certain geographical location. They often seek contact with three-dimensional physical beings, thus commencing and producing a “haunting” condition.

They usually live in darkness–their field of vision being murky–they are, therefore, attracted to any coloured illuminations that might appear in their vicinity. Not understanding the nature of these illuminations or lights–which are actually the aura of living beings–they tend to merge or attach themselves with it. They often find themselves trapped in people’s auras. Unknowingly they may reach into such depths as to consider the physical body of their victim as their own and the original tenant as the victimizing spirit. This is technically called “possession,” and causes much needless suffering to both parties involved. Possessions of this non-intentional, non-demonic variety may be exorcised effectively and morally only through helping both possessor and the possessed. In this method, the earthbound soul is given information and advice as to the nature of its plight and the way out to freedom. In this manner both sides involved in the possession are liberated. In this psychological counseling, the earthbound soul is made to realize that it belongs to another dimension; the simple awareness of this truth on the part of the invading spirit is sufficient enough to release it from its bondage and entrapment between worlds. Generally speaking, calls for help–and acceptance of such help, together with a release of desires and attachment to familiar surroundings of the earth plane on the part of the earthbound soul, gradually and automatically raises its vibration and moves it on into the astral world where it may find its placement and once again interact and relate with others of its kind.

The methods for exorcising demonic possessions are a little different from the above method where the principles of psychology are used to advise the victimizer. The so-called “demons” in such possessions are most often human souls with very negative and violent propensities. Such earthbound spirits are usually attracted to others of similar temperament, idiosyncrasies, habits and desires. They often seek to satiate their own earthly desires through a human channel. These souls are often stubborn, arrogant, and malevolent. Spiritual advise given to them in any way is often ridiculed and rejected. It such cases, assuming a wrathful and authoritative attitude with a definite command directed to them often helps to extirpate these entities. There is a principle that assists in this rite of exorcism–in expelling demonic beings from their human victims that psychic researchers have discovered: these negative beings are intensely afraid of pure radiant light, especially the pure light within the aura of pure and holy persons. Aside from the natural light-radiance of holy beings, in experiments it was discovered that visualized white light was equally effective. This light is visualized by the exorcist surrounding everyone present involved in the exorcism, especially the victim. Evidently, radiant white light causes some pain to these beings with demonic natures. Such luminescence is therefore avoided by them and causes their hasty retreat. When circumstances permit, these negative souls are brought to special places in the astral realm by their spiritual guides for rehabilitation. These places may be thought of as “hell” by its inhabitants. They are not there for eternity, though. They either progress from there to purgatory or incarnate once again in the three-dimensional world. In the end, all earthbound souls must submit to their rightful placement. In should be understood that in most cases of possessions the underlying cause is not by invading entities or malicious thoughtforms but by the assertion or projection of a personality (perhaps from a past life) from the subconscious. In psychiatry this is called schizophrenia.

Souls are sometimes earthbound because of their attachment to their relatives or friends. There are times when these earthbound souls contact earthlings through a medium. Usually they bring an important message which they feel themselves obliged to pass on to relatives or to certain individuals. This then may be a cause of their earthbound condition, or in other cases, they seek to enlighten humanity concerning life after death. It should be noted here that not all communications through mediums are from disembodied human souls. Some of the communicating beings are in fact elemental spirits, elementary beings, astral shells or even the medium’s own subconscious mind–all mischievously deceiving ignorant humans. But nevertheless, sifting the information derived from communicating spirits through mediums, from the reliable to the questionable, psychic researcher Ernesto Bozzano states the following principles as affirmed by spiritualistic communicators (cf “Life, Death & Consciousness”):

“1) That all of them found themselves in human form in the spiritual world.

“2) That for some time, or even for a long period of time, they did not realize they were dead.

“3) That during the pre-death crisis, or even a little after, they passed through the trial of summarily recalling all the events of their existence (`panoramic vision’ or `epilogue of death’).

“4) That in the spiritual world they were welcomed by the spirits of their relatives and friends.

“5) That nearly all of them passed through a more or less lengthy phase of reparatory sleep.

“6) That they nearly eventually found themselves in a radiant and marvelous spiritual environment (in the case of morally normal deceased), or in a shadowy and oppressive environment (in the case of morally depraved deceased).

“7) That they had found the spiritual environment to be a new world that was objective, substantial and real, a spiritualized version of the earthly environment. During the separation of the astral from the physical body, it first assumes a cloudy nature which slowly assumes the shape of a physical body.

“8) That they had learnt that this was due to the fact that thought was a creative force in the spiritual world and thus enabled a spirit living in the astral plane to reproduce around himself the environment of his memories.

“9) That it had not taken them long to learn that thought transmission was the language of spirits, even though newly arrived spirits delude themselves that they converse by means of words.

“10) That they had found that the faculty of spiritual vision enabled them to perceive objects simultaneously on all sides, just as they could see inside them and through them.

“11) That they had discovered that spirits could instantaneously take themselves from one place to another–even when they were very far apart–by virtue of an act of will; nevertheless, they could walk in the spiritual environment or float a short distance above the ground.

“12) That they had learned that the spirits of the deceased will fatally and automatically gravitate to the spiritual sphere to which they belong, this by virtue of the ‘law of affinity.’”(1991:88)

Copyright © 2006 Luxamore

Leonard Lee aka Luxamore

Metaphysical teacher, counseler, healer and merchant of occult/magickal items of Indonesia.
Magickal Items from Indonesia: talismans, mustika pearls, kerises, etc.
Magickal Bezoar Mustika Pearls from Indonesia.


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ARE YOU WASHING YOUR HANDS AFTER HANDLING PAPER MONEY? – NEW STUDIES MIGHT SUGGEST YOU DO THAT STRAIGHT AWAY

Category : Region III

ARE YOU WASHING YOUR HANDS AFTER HANDLING PAPER MONEY? – NEW STUDIES MIGHT SUGGEST YOU DO THAT STRAIGHT AWAY

We all know that paper money is a source of bacteria and are considered not clean. You can ask yourself whether you wash your hands after handling money.

If you do not wash your hands after handling money – then look into what they found out in 2008 and 2009.

In 2008 it was found that the highest Traces of Cocaine was found on U.S. Bills and in 2009 they found that the highest amount of Cocaine was found on U.S. Bills from Washington D.D in the U.S.

So what did they find out in 2008?

Paper money contains high traces of cocaine, regardless of whether or not the paper money came into direct contact with the drug. And U.S. bills take the top spot, covered in the greatest amount of the illegal powder, while Spanish notes are the most highly contaminated in Europe, a new study finds.

The findings, detailed in the latest issue of the journal Trends in Analytical Chemistry, reflect the popularity of the illicit drug, the researchers say.

“These findings should not be surprising, because cocaine and other drugs are traded using cash, which is handled by the same fingers that directly touch the drugs or wrappings,” chemists Sergio Armenta and Miguel de la Guardia from the University of Valencia in Spain write. “Moreover, many cocaine users use a wrapped banknote to sniff this drug, so inducing direct cocaine contamination of the banknotes.”

Armenta and de la Guardia analyzed Spanish notes for cocaine traces, finding they contained an average of 155 micrograms of cocaine. (A gram of cocaine would fill about half a tea bag. A microgram is one-millionth of that amount.)

They also reviewed previous research focusing on cocaine concentrations found in different currencies around the world.

German Euros contained levels of cocaine that were five times lower than the Spanish ones.
For Irish bank notes, one statistic suggested that of 48 notes studied the highest concentration found was 0.5 micrograms.

The chemists found U.S. bills contained an average of between 2.9 and 28.8 micrograms of cocaine depending on the year and city, with a maximum of more than 1,300 micrograms found on some 1996 bills.

One study based on 356 notes showed just 6 percent of Swiss francs were contaminated with cocaine at levels above one nanogram per note, where a nanogram is one-thousandth of a microgram. Some data suggest, the researchers found, that between 40 percent and about 50 percent of British pounds were contaminated with cocaine at levels of about 0.0011 micrograms per note.

It turns out, money really is dirty, and not just with drug traces. One past study revealed 94 percent of bills collected from a community in western Ohio contained disease-causing or potentially disease-causing bacteria. The study, published in 2002 in the Southern Medical Journal, was led by Peter Ender, chief of infectious diseases at Wright-Patterson Medical Center in Ohio.

That’s not too surprising, as bills stay in circulation for an average of 21 months, according to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, during which time they get handled by plenty of people. For larger bills, the life span is even longer, with bills lasting about 24 months and bills staying in circulation for 55 months.

When you handle coins, stuff also gets transferred to your hands, though it’s mainly iron atoms (iron is one of the metals in change). Another research study revealed iron atoms from coins cause oils on your skin to break down, producing a “metallic” odor.

 

 

And what did they find out in 2009?

 

Drug was found on 90% of U.S. Bills. This fact is astonishing and makes the term dirty money really a fact. If you live in the United States or Canada, chances are you have cocaine in your wallet.

Nearly nine out of ten bills circulating in the U.S. and its northern neighbor are tainted with cocaine, according to what’s being called the most definitive research to date on the subject.

What’s more, researchers were surprised to find hints that more Americans are using the illegal drug, said study leader Yuegang Zuo of the University of Massachusetts in Dartmouth.

In a similar study by the same team in 2007, 67 percent of U.S. bills were found to be tainted with cocaine. The new study puts the percentage at 85 to 95—a jump of roughly 20 percent, Zuo said.

The drug gets on paper money during drug transactions and when people roll bills to snort cocaine powder, Zuo said.

Stress spurred by the worldwide financial crisis may be driving people to abuse cocaine, one of the most common illegal drugs in the world, Zuo said in a phone interview.

The new findings could “help raise public awareness about cocaine use and lead to greater emphasis on curbing its abuse,” Zuo said in a follow-up email.

Part of the reason the new study is so complete, Zuo said, is because the team used new equipment, a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer, which doesn’t ruin the money—allowing the scientists to test more bills without breaking the bank.

The team collected banknotes from the Brazil, Canada, the U.S., China, and Japan.

With 5.8 million people having used the drug at least once in 2007, the U.S. is the world’s biggest cocaine market, according to the 2009 UN World Drug Report.

Perhaps not surprisingly, then, the U.S.—along with Canada—had the highest percentage of cocaine-permeated bills in the study.

Of the 234 U.S. bills collected in 17 large and small cities, nearly 90 percent had traces of cocaine, especially in larger cities such as Baltimore, Boston, and Detroit. Ninety-five percent of the dollars found in Washington, D.C., had cocaine embedded in their fibers—among the highest in the study.

In keeping with their reputations for having relatively low rates of cocaine use, China and Japan yielded bills with relatively low levels of cocaine contamination.

Asian drug-taking practices could conceivably be partly responsible for the lower percentages of cocaine-tainted bills. Zuo doesn’t know, for example, whether Asian cocaine users inhale through rolled bills as many Western users do.

“It is for sure that drug abuse in different countries and regions has different use patterns which may affect cocaine contamination on money,” he said via email.

Regardless of where you live, though, there’s little chance of getting buzzed off your bills, Zuo said. Even in the U.S. and Canada, the concentrations are simply too small.

 

He has a background as civil engineer and geoscientist. He has worked mainly within the oil and gas industry from the mid 1980s. He has written a few fictional novels as well as being the author of some professional litterature within oil and gas sector, he is now an editor of some web sites.


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Life after College: Iowa Alumni Association for Postgraduates

Category : Region III

Life after College: Iowa Alumni Association for Postgraduates

Some might agree with the idea that the creation makes no sense because it provides minor perspectives for its members. If you are the supporter of this idea, you are so wrong because such organizations have a lot of hidden dimensions for self-development and improvement. Hence, postgraduates are presented with a chance to contribute to the advancement and enhancement of education and modernization of international educational establishments. One of such alumni association is located in Iowa University.

Recent goals pursued by the Iowa Alumni Association.

At the moment, this organization is about to prepare the first official educational establishment of alumni directory. This event is planned to be accomplished within eight years. In order to compete this interesting project successfully, it needs an essential support. The directory itself covers personal, business, and academic information about Iowa University graduates. However, this organization is not closed for the outsiders.

The creation of new job opportunities

Apart from conventional goals pursued by such organizations, this alumni association is aimed at expanding job market for those who care about the development of such projects. Therefore, the Iowa University is seeking for enthusiastic and talented people endowed with leadership skills and ready to work out effective strategies and concepts of alumni membership. The development of the alumni infrastructure will encourage former students to fulfill themselves in other academic fields and to share this experience with others. Finally, this strategy will allow to considerably lessen the unemployment level.

Other goals established by the Iowa Alumni Association

The members of the organization are not confined to educational purposes. Moreover, their activities cover other fields of social life. In particular, the scientists are working on the creation of effective methods of cancer treatment by investigating scientific fields and conducting independent researchers.

Joel Berry creates cheap essays on history and other related disciplines. Heather works as a freelance writer at a college paper writing service and provides the best custom writing service in her area of study.


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Career Path After 10+2

Category : Pharmacy Students

Career Path After 10+2

Broadly speaking career route after passing out from school begins either seeking admission to any educational , professional and vocational courses, depending upon the student’s performance in terms of eligibility conditions laid down by various institute or, of course, before the enrolment , the student and his advisors must keep in mind his or her interest , attitude and future prospects in that particular field.

Secondly, Nowadays there is tough competition for getting admission into any professional, vocational and prestigious course – be it admission to medical, dental , Para medical (like nursing , pharmacy etc) Engineering, Architecture, Computer, Information Technology, Business Administration, Hotel Management, Law or National Defense Academy , Merchant Navy , Special Class Railway Apprentices exams etc.

A large number of Teacher in Mumbai, teacher in Delhi, teacher in Kolkata, coaching institute’s, both regular and correspondence, are offering preparation facilities. Here, a little care is needed to go in for an institute which has a good track record of achievement, qualified and experienced faculty and is professional in approach.

Third option is to prepare for direct recruitment in a bank, Insurance company, Defense Forces, Para Military Forces or other competitive examinations conducted by staff selection commission, New Delhi or State staff selection commission for various jobs. Competition is also tough here and hard work and consistency is needed for success.

Fourth option is to go for self employment by starting your own business like opening your own shop, running your own factory, trading of goods etc. To be successful in this field one needs to possess entrepreneurial qualities. Some of these are knowledge of particular line of business you want to enter, confidence, leadership qualities, good communication skill, ability to work hard, risk bearing capacity, far-sightedness, ability to manage your time and your staff well, get along with people comfortably and a preferably a good personality.

In addition you need to make investment. But those having meager financial resources can also start from a shoe string budget and with their efforts expend their business gradually and ultimately make it big. Financial assistance is also made available by state financial corporations, Banks and organizations related to promotion of small scale industries etc.

Ambishri writes on behalf of best Teacher in Mumbai, teacher in Delhi , teacher in Kolkata education services portal with a vision to create and inspire change on learning and teaching horizon by encouraging Student-Teacher collaboration through the web.


Article from articlesbase.com

Dental Implants-The Most Sought After Restorative Dental treatment

Category : Other Students

Dental Implants-The Most Sought After Restorative Dental treatment

Tooth loss is a common problem among many adults, with many losing their teeth due to tooth decay, gum disease and excessive wear and tear. Missing teeth can cause a lack in self-esteem and prevents the proper function of eating, drinking and talking.

Dental implants are the most sought after restorative dental treatments because of their efficiency and convenience. A dental implants procedure is an appropriate solution if you are missing one tooth or an entire mouthful of teeth.  Dental implants specialists can give you full mouth restoration with mini dental implants and full dental implants. Regardless of the nature of the problem related with tooth loss, dental implant treatment can provide a simple solution with proven results.

Dental implants are an artificial tooth root made of biocompatible materials, which are implanted into the jawbone using a painless and simple procedure. Dental implants are custom made to suit your particular oral situation. They are designed to replicate and feel completely natural, whilst being fully functional and preventing further tooth decay or trauma to the mouth. Titanium dental implants biocompatible materials offer durability and strength for long lasing functionality.

Dental implants have a number of benefits and have proven to be the best practical solution for missing teeth. Unlike removable dentures which have a tendency to slip, creating embarrassing clicking sounds when you speak, dental implants are a fixed permanent solution. Dental tooth implants are highly durable, comfortable and do not disturb the neighbouring teeth, further protecting the remaining healthy teeth.

Replacing missing teeth is important to your health and assists in maintaining good oral hygiene. A dental implant treatment will combat the negative effects tooth loss has on both your confidence and health. If you require restorative dentistry it is worth talking to an dental implants dentist on the benefits of dental implants as a treatment option.

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What Next after Plus 2?

Category : Pharmacy Students

What Next after Plus 2?

Plus two results are out and the burning issue among the parents whose wards have completed +2 are which course and What college should we get our ward admitted? In fact most of the parents leave the decision to their wards to choose the college and course. One of the crucial decisions which is going to shape the career of the ward is Choosing the right college and course. If the first step towards the right and bright career is not decided properly that shall ruin the life of the ward. In fact Career choice= Confusion. Most of the parents and students don’t know how to select a better career. Most of the students and parents select a course or college by the minimum knowledge they have got by interaction with friends and relatives, some students prefer a particular course or college because their friends have opted for that, they choose a a career without evaluating their own strength and interest. A decision of such kind is felt wrong both by the parent and the student after the completion of one year of the course, where the ward finds himself as not interested subjects, less performer in the class or with arrears. There are some common FAQ among students and parents:-

What re the various courses available?

Generally the Undergraduate courses are divided in to three major categories, Engineering, Medical and Arts and science. The various courses and a brief description about that are:

Engineering: Engineering is a vast field and offers infinite scope. Engineering is available at five levels. The lowest level is training of different trades offered by Industrial Training Center(ITC)across the country. The next level Diploma offered by Polytechnic. The under graduate Degree programme leading to BE/B.Tech are of four years of duration. The post graduate degree programme leading to ME/M.Tec is of two years duration. The student can also do research for Ph.D. The various courses available for a plus two student at under graduate level are

a)      Aeronautical Engineering: AE involves the study of applying engineering principles and techniques to the design, construction, operation and maintenance of aircrafts, spaceships and missiles.

b)      Automobile Engineering: This involves the design, development, manufacture and maintenance of automobile.

c)      Bioinformatics: It is an interdisciplinary subject merging Biology, Computer Science and Information Technology. Bioinformatics combines the tools and techniques of mathematics, computer science and biology to study various biological processes.

d)     Biomedical Engineering: Its an application of electronics and other engineering subjects in medicine. For example the application is useful  in ECG, Scanning, MRI etc

e)      Chemical Engineering: It deals with the design, construction and operation of plant and machinery for making various chemical products like acids,paints, soaps etc by adopting the chemical reaction discovered by laboratory chemists to large scale commercial manufacture.

f)       Civil Engineering: It is a broad field of engineering that deals with the planning, design, construction and maintenance of buildings, roads, bridges, dams etc.

g)      Computer Science & Engineering: This discipline deals with design and construction of computers and   computer based systems. It involves study of software and Hardware.

h)      Electrical and Electronics Engineering: One of the conventional discipline, covers power engineering including generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electrical power. Protective systems, design and manufacture of electrical machine, analof and digital electronics, microprocessor are also studied.

i)        Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering: This involves understanding and applying instrumentation to measure, record and control process variables.

j)        Information Technology: It is a convergence of computer information, intelligence, internet, communication and technical administration. IT experts play a key role in selecting hardware and software products for organization.

k)      Marine Engineering: It involves study of production of propelling machinery and auxiliary equipment for the use of ships.

l)        Mechanical Engineering: One of the most versatile branch of study. It involves research and development, design, manufacture and testing of tools, engines, machines and other mechanical devices.

m)    Mechatronics: It involves the combination of mechanics, electronics, computing and control engineering for generation of simpler and reliable systems.

n)      Nanotechnology: It is a new interdisciplinary subject combining physics, chemistry, biology and engineering. It refers to broadly to a field of applied science and technology whose underlying theme is the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale, normally 1 to 100 nanometers. This science can be used to change properties of materials and can be used in computers, communication, medical and other fields.

o)      Petroleum Engineering: It includes the exploration, production, processing, storage and transportation of petroleum and natural gas. This is a very rare course offered by few colleges.

p)      Architecture: It is a blend of Art & Science. Architects designs and supervise construction of building keeping in view stability and utility.

Medical and Paramedical:

a)      MBBS: The most glamorous course available today. Doctors profession involves a lot of hard work with good degree of dedication.

b)      Dentistry: It is the art and science of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of conditions, deceases and disorder of the oral cavity, the maxillofacial region and its associated structures as it relates to human body.

c)      Nursing: One of the noblest profession in the world. Nursing is not confines just to patient care but a range and variety of subjects have made nursing very demanding.

d)     Pharmacy: It has a close link with life sciences. Pharmacology is the science of drugs, their discovery and uses.

e)      Physiotherapy; It deals with the study of scientific procedures used in the treatment of patient with disability, decease or injury to achieve and maintain functional rehabilitation.

f)       Medical Laboratory Technology: Involves the production of medical technologist. These professionals get involved in practical and technical work to aid correct diagnosis and in the functioning of biochemical laboratories.

Arts and Science Course:

a)      Conventional Science courses: These include Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Mathematics, Environmental science, Geology, Geography, Food science etc.

b)      Interdisciplinary Courses: These courses are originated from the convergence of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Computer. These courses include Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Genetics, Bioinformatics, Nanotechnology, Microbiology etc.

c)      Business Administration:  BBM & MBA are the courses available under business administration. These courses have great demand due to high job opportunities.

d)     Conventional Arts Courses: This includes English, Economics, History, Political Science, Social work, Psychology, Mass communication, Languages, Civics etc.

e)      Commerce: B.Com, M.Com, B.Com (CA) & M.Com (CA) are the courses under commerce.

f)       Computer related courses: Computer related courses have a demand due to the application of computers in all sectors and jobs. Various courses under this section are BCA,MCA, B,Sc. & M.Sc. Computer Science ,B.Sc .& M.Sc. IT  etc.

g)      Education: B.Ed and M.Ed are the courses which are widely been recognized.

 2. Which course should I select?

Most of us select a course which is of high demand, and this course is a high premium course because majority students got placement during the last academic year. By evaluating the record of the placement generally parents and students select a course. But method of selecting a course is totally wrong. Because the job market is based on demand and supply function. A particular course which has huge placement requirement may lose its fame in the future, and our ward is not going to be in the placement process today or this year rather three to four years from today. We should see what course shall be of high demand when my ward is going to complete the course and not on the record and information about the present situation. For instance three to four years before the premium course where IT. But today the same courses have less takers. Thus we should select a course which will have huge demand in future.

 

Choosing The Right University Course After Hsc

Category : Pharmacy Students

Choosing The Right University Course After Hsc

Choosing the right university course for yourself is very important as it will most likely determine what you will be doing for your working life. We’ve had past students who graduate and go onto doing:

•    Commerce

•    Law

•    Engineering

•    Medicine

•    Science

•    Arts

or combined degrees (combinations) of the above.

We will talk briefly about what career paths each degree tends to lead to, and our recommendations for each degree.

What course should I choose?

Unlike choosing HSC subjects, there is no scaling implications or anything to do with special ‘rules’. University is purely about yourself – choose the course or courses that interest you. For example, if in the HSC, you did very well for economics and tend to enjoy the subject, choose Commerce or Economics at university. If you really enjoyed chemistry or biology, aim for medicine, medical science, pharmacy, optometry, physiotherapy or veterinary science. There are many possibilities, each with different goals in mind.

We don’t have any specific recommendation of which degree you choose, except that you should definitely choose the course you’re genuinely interested in. Whether you want to earn a high salary or contribute to your field, you will do well if you choose something you’re good at. There’s no point in choosing Commerce/Law or other highly demanded courses, just because your UAI was 99+ but you have no interest in commerce and/or law. Students who do this tend to regret their choices after a year or two, whereas students who choose degrees based on their interests are generally more fulfilled and do better in their degree and future career. There’s no substitute for the motivation and natural aptitude you will get from doing something you like, and no matter what you do, if you do it well, you will get what you want (whether it’s a high salary, recognition, contribution to your field etc).

Some common degrees

•    Commerce

Commerce is one of the most common courses students choose. It is a good choice, and possibly has the greatest number of career options. The most common commerce majors at the reputable universities are: accounting, finance, actuary studies (UNSW) and marketing. There are also other, less common majors.

Commerce is the degree to choose if you want to be an accountant, or get into finance (work in a bank) or marketing (work in advertising). The pay for these types of jobs are great and there’s an endless variety of jobs to suit all tastes and interests.

Generally speaking, UNSW has the most reputable business school in NSW, so if you’re aiming to get into this course, we recommend UNSW as one of the better universities that offer this degree. USYD, Macquarie Uni and UTS are also universities that offer reputable commerce courses.

UAIs required for commerce range from 94-96 for UNSW and USYD, and lower for the other universities. As with all references to required UAIs, check the UAC published UAI cutoffs each year at the UAC website, as they vary a little year to year depending on demand and supply.

•    Actuarial studies

Actuarial Studies is ideal for those who are good at maths and want to apply this to university study and their future career. Actuaries are people who work at big insurance companies, who use complex mathematical methods to calculate insurance premiums.

A common misconception people have of this course is that they will become actuaries at the end of their degree. This is most often untrue, as actuarial jobs are in low supply, and most graduates end up working in finance, in the field of financial engineering designing new financial products etc. This can be quite a lucrative field, especially if part of a quantitative team in an investment bank.

For actuary, traditionally Macquarie University’s actuarial degree is the most highly regarded. However UNSW’s actuarial degree is also quite popular, and UNSW being a generally more reputable university (especially internationally), we recommend doing actuary as part of the commerce degree at UNSW.

The UAI required for this is 95+ for UNSW’s commerce degree, or slightly higher for Macquarie University’s degree.

Law Law leads onto very lucrative careers. Law graduates tend to make the most money out of all degrees in the long run (yes, even medicine makes less!) Students who want to make lots of money in their future careers are advised to aim for Law, even if they won’t want to eventually be a lawyer. The reason is because employers of large commercial companies (banks, investment banks, investment firms, accounting firms, trading companies etc) tend to seek out the Law graduates to fill their higher paying graduate positions. Law graduates tend to be high quality, intelligent, social, well-spoken and dynamic people, and employers know this.

Although the skills you pick up in law are largely irrelevant (unless you be a lawyer), employers tend to use the fact that you did law to know that you are smart enough to do law. It’s like going to the fruit market and picking apples from the premium bin, because you know that all apples you pick will be high quality apples. For this same reason, sometimes people who do medicine end up being hired by investment banks and management consulting firms (very high-paying jobs), simply because those employers know all students who do law or medicine tend to be very smart and capable.

Therefore we recommend if you get a 99+ UAI and want to do commerce, you may as well combine it with law. It will be a great step forward for your future career.

Law at USYD and UNSW are the same in terms of reputation (they are the best), followed by law at UTS, then Macquarie, then elsewhere. To get into law at UNSW and USYD, you will need to get a UAI in the mid 99s. For UTS law, it is around 97.

•    Medicine

If you have an especially keen interest in biology, chemistry, and helping others, this is a course you can consider doing. However, we recommend against choosing medicine for the money. We will discuss this point a bit later.

Long ago, medicine entry used to be solely on the basis of UAI. However it has been pushed up so high that the universities have agreed to use the UMAT exam and interviews as additional selection criteria. Officially, the minimum UAI for medicine at reputable universities is 95, however the median entry for medicine at reputable universities has traditionally been in the low 99s. This is in additional to the UMAT and interview criteria, so medicine can be said to be the most competitive course to get into.

However, as mentioned, we recommend against medicine as an optimum choice if you want to make large sums of money in your career. The simple fact is that you will not be making large amounts of money until you are in your 30s, and in present value terms (remember your consumer arithmetic in year 10?) it’s just not worth the trouble. For the same UAI (and given that you are bright enough to achieve 99+) you are better off investing your strong skills into a law degree (see above). Jobs in law firms, investment banks and other jobs in high finance can potentially pay multiples of what a senior doctor can make.

Take this advice with a grain of salt, however, because as we said at the beginning of this page, you will only get what you want if you’re interested in what you’re doing. Therefore, if you enjoy medicine, do it. It is a very fulfilling and the pay is very high in all respects.

Reputable universities that offer medicine include: UNSW, USYD (arguably the best), Monash and Melbourne University. University of Western Sydney recently started a medicine faculty of their own, so if you are dead-set on doing medicine but did not achieve a sufficiently high UAI, that is a consideration. Remember, transferring between similar courses once you enter university is easy (we will discuss this a bit later on).

•    Other health courses

As we said before, medicine is highly sought after and easily the most competitive university degree to get into. There are alternatives. At reputable universities, Optometry and Vet Science needs about a UAI of 98, Pharmacy needs about 95, Medical science needs about 93, and physiotherapy is much lower and very accessible.

If you want to get into medicine but didn’t get the required UAI or UMAT scores, you can get into one of these health courses and transfer via undergraduate or graduate streams, depending on individual universities’ rules.

•    Engineering

Engineering is a more career-oriented degree for quantitatively inclined people. There are many fields of engineering (mining, materials, petroleum etc) and in Australia, mining tends to produce the highest paying and most abundant jobs. Choose this course if you are interested in Physics, Chemistry and / or Mathematics (particular mechanics).

Another particularly popular choice is Aeronautical engineering at USYD. The misconception here is that graduates tend to work for airline companies designing planes and plane parts (called high-speed aerodynamics). This is the obvious career path, but aeronautical engineering also lets you work for car companies, designing aerodynamic external parts for cars (called low-speed aerodynamics).

The UAI required for this course has a very large range. Some of the higher UAI courses are: Aeronautical Engineering at USYD, which is about 92, and Aerospace at USYD, at 99+.

•    Mathematics

If you have a keen interest in mathematics, choose this course at university. A common misconception is that these types of courses (including science and arts) lead to no definite career paths. This is untrue. For mathematics, there are jobs in finance that pay very well, as mathematics graduates can often become actuaries or financial engineers. The thing is, becoming whatever you want does not require any specific degree (e.g. if you want to be an actuary, you don’t actually need an actuary degree). There are professional bodies (e.g. CA, CPA for accountants, AIAA for actuaries, College of Law for lawyers etc) that set exams and their own criteria. Basically if you have the skills to pass their exams and meet their criteria, you can have that career.

Many mathematics graduates also go on to work in engineering, computer science, banking, insurance and other quantitative-analyst type positions. Only a small portion of maths graduates end up being in academia (the field of scholarly pursuits) as lecturers and researchers, as most people tend to think.

The UAI for maths degrees is generally low, as the demand is not too high for these courses. However don’t be fooled, as there is absolutely no correlation between entrance UAI and course difficulty. As many people will tell you, maths degrees (along with engineering and science) are very difficult and challenging, but also very rewarding to those keenly interested.

USYD offers a BScience (Adv Math) degree which is highly regarded and is likely to contain the brightest university undergraduates in NSW. Its required UAI is around 98.

•    Science / Arts Science is a good degree if you’re keenly interested in any science (chemistry, physics or biology). If you are more of a humanities person and enjoy subjects like English, ancient / modern history, languages, social sciences etc.

We recommend combining these subjects to more career-oriented degrees like commerce, engineering, law, medicine etc. These courses are great in that they add flavour to your other degree as well as giving you a wider experience gained from university education, which will help your career whatever that may be.

The required UAI for these courses are generally very accessible at even the more reputable universities. Generally speaking, USYD is slightly better than UNSW in terms of reputation for both Arts and Science degrees.

3 year single degree vs 5 year double degrees

Students often consider whether to do a 3 year SINGLE degree, or a 5 year DOUBLE degree during their time at university. In our experience, we recommend combining only if the second degree adds value to your career aspirations. For example, if you choose commerce and are thinking of combining this with Arts for example, you should ask yourself what you intend to get out of an Arts degree. For example, a good reason to combine is if you’re learning languages and intend to work overseas in the future.

One thing students need to consider and realise is that combining a degree adds 2 whole years to your degree. Double degrees tend to be 5 years (some exceptions where they are 4 years, and some are longer). The extra HECS fees you incur over the extra 2 years should not be taken lightly. Think of university costing you an extra 60%! Additionally, you need to consider the opportunity cost (lost opportunity) of 2 years worth of working. If you had graduated 2 years earlier, you could have started your career 2 years younger, so we need to also consider whether the final decision of combing is worthwhile or not.

The effect of having 2 degrees on your hireability as a future jobseeker is overrated we think. University graduates with uncombined degrees (e.g. straight BCom) end up getting the same jobs as those who have combined (e.g. BCom / Science).

Therefore we recommend the general rule of combining only if necessary. Ask people who have gone through university and done the degree(s) you’re thinking of doing. Ask them about whether there’s any tangible benefit from combining degrees, in terms of career prospect, starting position, starting salary etc and make your decision based on the advice you get.

Honours degree If you’re still enthusiastic over your university degree, even after 3-5 years, you can elect to do an extra year where you will (usually) conduct research into a specific area of your field, and at the end of the year, submit a long thesis with your findings. Honours degrees are awarded as modified degrees of the normal degree. For example if you did law and honours, it would be LLB(Hons).

An honours degree is looked upon highly favourably by employers as it indicates that the graduate has a deeper and more specialised knowledge of his field. Generally speaking, an honours degree is looked upon better than a combined degree. The view is that anyone can do a combined degree (just get the UAI you need) but not everyone is bright enough to do an honours degree. Therefore this is another reason why we recommend you to choose a course you will genuinely enjoy – because you will be good at it.

What if I don’t get the UAI I need?

Fear not. Transferring within university is relatively easy. Transferring between universities or within the same university will involve calculation of a rank-based mark similar to a UAI. 25% of this score will be based on your latest UAI score, and 75% will be based on your university WAM (Weighted Average Mark) which is basically how well you’ve done at university so far.

Therefore, if you don’t get the UAI you need for the course you desire, we strongly recommend that you choose a course that you’re good at. If you choose something you are not good at, you won’t be able to score a sufficiently high WAM to transfer into the course you want.

Typically for most popular courses at reputable universities, you will need a Distinction average (WAM > 75) after your first year to be able to successfully transfer into your desired course for second year onwards. We also highly recommend you do a course which is closely related to the degree you want to get into.

For example, a highly popular use of this technique to get into law at USYD or UNSW (because not everybody can get 99+ UAI) is to first enrol into commerce at these universities. Once you are in commerce, for your first year, while everyone else is busy partying, study hard and score a Distinction average. After your first year (2 semesters), this WAM combined with a UAI which is high enough to get you into commerce should be sufficient to be able to transfer into law successfully.

How hard is a Distinction average? Surprisingly less hard than people make it out to be. Remember, university is not like the HSC where you are forced to do English and 3-4 other subjects which are totally different. At university, assuming you follow our advice and choose something you’d be good at, all you need to worry about are 4 subjects per semester, each subject being related to the general field that you’re interested in. There’s no compulsory subjects, and no need to do subjects that have almost nothing to do with each other (e.g. History and Physics), all you need to do is focus on subjects which you happen to be good at. In fact, a High Distinction average (WAM > 85) is well within reach for some students, as long as they study consistently, pay attention in class and seek help when needed.

To our students

All of us have been down this path one time or another and we’re always happy to give you advice. Our team consists of people who have done law / med / commerce / arts / science and a variety of others. We can tell you all about transfer criteria and what to do in order to maximise the chances of you getting into the course you want, even after the HSC is over. If you’d like to find out more about anything mentioned in this article, feel free to post a question in the general section of the student forums.

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