Pregnancy | Xavier SNPHA

Pregnancy is a natural process. Naturally body changes will also be involved once a woman is pregnant. Most women don’t face much complication throughout their pregnancy period though some might have to face few difficulties. Most women experience mood swings, fear and anxiety throughout their pregnancy period. Pregnancy is the time filled with anticipation, happiness and excitement. Most women start experiencing symptoms within a week and some others might experience after few weeks of conception.

Read more on pregnancy Guide and Weight Loss. Also visit on Party ideas

Pregnancy lasts for 40 weeks or nine months which is divided into three trimesters. Pregnancy is counted from the first day of woman’s last period. The signs and symptoms of pregnancy vary in intensity, duration and frequency from woman to woman.
The early signs of pregnancy are as follows:

1. Missed period

2. Breast tenderness

3. Fatigue

4. Frequent urination

Get a physical.

Before spending a year trying to get pregnant, it’s a good idea to have a thorough physical examination, according to Sanford M. Markham, M.D., an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, D.C. “Make sure that there aren’t any physical problems, such as masses or cysts in the pelvic area,” he says. “Your doctor should also treat any low-grade vaginal infections that you might have. He or she should also check for sexually transmitted diseases.” Other conditions that can interfere with pregnancy are ovarian cysts, fibroids, and endometriosis, an inflammation of the lining of the uterus, Markham says.

Have sex around the time of ovulation.

The woman’s egg is capable of being fertilized for only 24 hours after it is released from the ovary, according to Richard J. Paulson, M.D., an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology and director of the In Vitro Fertilization Program at the University of Southern California School of Medicine in Los Angeles. The man’s sperm can live for between 48 and 72 hours in the woman’s reproductive tract. Since sperm and egg must come together for an embryo to be created, a couple must try to have sex at least every 72 hours around the time of ovulation (see Extra! Extra! – “Methods of Ovulation Prediction”) in order to hit the mark, Paulson says. “Every 48 hours is even better,” he says. However, he adds, the man should not ejaculate more frequently than once in 48 hours, since that may bring his sperm count down too low for fertilization.

Men should ejaculate every two to three days.

Along with the advice to have sex no more often than once every 48 hours, men should also try to ejaculate at least once every two to three days throughout the month, says Bergh. Men need to keep ejaculating to keep up their sperm supply, he adds.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle.
The best way to enhance your chances of getting pregnant is to maintain an all-around healthy lifestyle. This goes for both men and women, says William C. Andrews, M.D., executive director of the American Fertility Society and professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Eastern Virginia Medical School in Norfolk. “A healthy lifestyle will also help ensure the quality of your offspring,” Andrews says.

Try to eliminate stress.

“There is little doubt that severe stress will interfere with reproductive function,” says Paulson. “At the simplest level, stress will take away your libido. At the extreme, the woman may stop menstruating. Although studies in men are lacking, it is quite likely that a similar effect may occur.”

Keep the testicles cool.

Exposure to extreme heat can be the death of sperm–literally. (That’s why the testicles are outside of the body–to keep them cool.) Bergh’s advice for maintaining the proper temperature is to wear boxer shorts (if you find them comfortable) and to avoid hot tubs and whirlpools. Taxicab and truck drivers will benefit from the use of a beaded seat mat that allows air to circulate. “There was an old Indian fertility ritual where the men used to dip their testicles in cold water,” says Bergh. “They had the right idea.” Varicose veins in the testicles can also interfere with temperature regulation. If you have these, see a urologist, Bergh suggests.

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Pregnancy helps Liver

Posted by admin | Posted on 04-09-2010

Category : Region V

Tags: Helps, Liver, Pregnancy

Pregnancy helps Liver

“I think from a molecular point of view this is the major discovery of this work,” he said. “The loss of regenerative capacity of tissues with age is one of the main characteristics of aging,” Timchenko, who didn’t participate in the work, wrote in an email. Scientists have known for many years that old mice lose the regenerative capacity in their livers, but little about the molecular mechanisms underlying this process, he added. “Impaired liver regeneration and high rate of mortality after surgical resections in old patients are [the] two most significant problems which are discussed on each meeting of liver biology.” Yehudit Bergman, a molecular biologist studying epigenetics in embryonic stem cells at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and her colleagues were interested in studying tissue regenerative capacity. They began with an observation published five years ago that the regenerative capacity of muscle progenitor cells in an older animal can be boosted by parabiosis — an experimental technique in which the older animal’s circulatory system is surgically linked to a younger animal, allowing it to benefit from the younger animal’s systemic environment. Musing that pregnancy might be called a kind of parabiosis, the researchers tested the ability of the liver to regenerate after removing two thirds of it in older (10-12 month old) pregnant and nonpregnant mice. They observed a striking difference — the liver regenerated to only about half its original volume in nonpregnant animals, but it grew back to 96 percent its normal size in pregnant ones. Nine out of 19 older nonpregnant mice died after the surgery, compared to just two out of 22 of the pregnant group. In contrast, younger animals (3 months old) showed robust regeneration whether they were pregnant or not. The researchers assumed this bounce-back was caused by liver cells proliferating during pregnancy, but a marker for dividing cells showed almost no proliferation in the liver between the second and third day after the surgery — when proliferation is highest in nonpregnant animals. Rather than dividing, the cells that were present seemed to be growing larger. The results revealed that “in pregnancy the mechanism by which liver regeneration occurs is very different than the mechanism in nonpregnant mice,” Bergman said. They then linked this effect to a signaling pathway called Akt/mTORC1, which is known to play a role in cell growth. When they blocked the pathway, the cell growth they had observed was eliminated. Meanwhile, proliferation got a small boost, but not enough to spur significant regeneration. “Once we knew that in pregnancy the model of regeneration is different, and we also knew that in aged mice liver regeneration is suffering, we thought, ok, maybe we can persuade aged mice to behave like pregnant mice,” Bergman said. They tested the effect of a compound that activated the Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway in old mice, between 18 and 24 months of age, and again removed two-thirds of their livers. None of the nine treated mice died after partial hepatectomy while four out of nine untreated mice died. “I’m not sure how important this observation is, and whether it has clinical implications,” said Douglas Schmucker, an expert in the liver and aging at the University of California, San Francisco, who was not involved in the work. Although he agreed that the observed effects were “pretty startling,” he noted that it’s not clear whether cell growth is equivalent to cell proliferation in how well regenerated liver will function. “Basically…are fatter, old cells better than thinner new cells?” he asked. Also, he said, if the effects are partly maternal, as the study suggests, it’s not clear that men would be benefited by an approach based in this signaling pathway. Bergman noted that in their experiments, the liver appeared to be working normally, but agreed that the findings are extremely preliminary. Her group is now working on pinning down the molecular mechanism of the effect. “There must be something in pregnancy that induces this pathway,” she said. The researchers are also trying to determine whether pregnancy has a similar regenerative effect on other organs. The liver is a dynamic organ during pregnancy, and standard physiologic changes may mimic pregnancy-induced hepatic disease. The clinical challenge of distinguishing the normal from abnormal liver during pregnancy was addressed by Dr Izhar NIUM bangalore. For example, a clinician may detect spider angiomata and palmar erythema, which are associated with liver diseases, during a physical examination of a pregnant woman, but these signs are to be expected in pregnancy and do not indicate liver disease. These two signs are thought to result from a high-estrogen stateOn the other hand, a palpable liver in pregnancy, especially in late pregnancy, is not to be ignored, he said at a hepatobiliary update sponsored by the university. Laboratory results during pregnancy commonly show decreases in albumin of 1 g/dL. Alkaline phosphatase may rise to levels two to four times normal, and increases in total bile acids to 11 [micro]mol/L or less are common. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels may rise a little, but stay within the normal range. Hyperemesis gravidarum The hallmark nausea and vomiting that characterize this condition in 2% of pregnant women may lead to dehydration and malnutrition. Some women may develop a transient hyperthyroidism that eventually gets better as hyperemesis gravidarum resolves itselfThe disease has been associated with a deficiency of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD). The fetus is usually homozygous for the mutation while the mother is heterozygous. Long-chain fatty acids accumulate on the fetal side and then transfer to the mother’s circulation, Dr. Koteish said. He advised performing genetic tests on the mother, father, and infant for the various mutations that can occur to the LCHAD gene, because the infant is at risk of sudden death, cardiomyopathy, and neuromyopathy. Diseases coincidental with pregnancy Patients with hepatitis B or C virus infections that occur coincidentally with pregnancy do not need therapy, Dr. Koteish advised. HBV infection is transmitted to the fetus 90% of the time when the mother is positive for hepatitis B e antigen. However, hepatitis B vaccine given at birth provides protection against transmission. HCV transmission to the fetus occurs 6%-10% or more of the time, depending on the mother’s viremic load. Once the disease activity of women with autoimmune hepatitis or Wilson’s disease becomes stable, fertility returns. These patients may conceive but should continue therapy.

Accessible Birth Control: The Answer to the Teen Pregnancy Epidemic?

Posted by admin | Posted on 18-06-2010

Category : Pharmacy Students

Tags: Accessible, Answer, Birth, Control, Epidemic, Pregnancy, Teen

Accessible Birth Control: The Answer to the Teen Pregnancy Epidemic?

While Canadians celebrate a new low in teenage pregnancy rates, American rates, although also dropping, remain among the highest in the developed world -about twice that of Canada’s. American teen pregnancies peaked in 1990 at an estimated 1 million. The introduction of sex education and prevention programs and the increasing use of birth control have led to steadily declining rates across the US since that high (except for slight rises in 2006 and 2007), but teen pregnancy remains epidemic in the US.

Canadian teen pregnancies have dropped dramatically since 1996 – almost 37%. Research Coordinator Alex McKay of the Sex Information and Education Council of Canada credits the fall in the Canadian teen pregnancy rate to contraception, particularly the pill, and not to teens having less sex. “Generally speaking”, says McKay, “What you find is that the more a society has an accepting attitude toward the reality of adolescent sexuality, the lower the teen pregnancy rate is. Canadians tend to have a more relaxed attitude towards adolescent sexuality than people in the United States.” The Guttmacher Institute, a center for sexual and reproductive health, attributes about 25% of the decline in American teen pregnancies to abstinence, and 75% to the effective use of contraceptives.

About half of all American high school students are sexually active, and roughly ninety percent of girls not using birth control will become pregnant within one year. Nearly a third will have an abortion, about 14% will miscarry, and more than 400,000 will give birth. The highest teen birth rates in the US are in the southern states, while the lowest rates are in the northeastern states. Black and Hispanic teens have the highest pregnancy rates, followed by American Indians and then whites. Pregnancy rates are lowest in Asian teens.

According to the Planned Parenthood Federation, the cost of teen pregnancy amounts to an estimated billion annually in public assistance, health care, lost tax revenues and other costs. Young mothers are more likely to live in poverty and isolation, are less likely to graduate from high school, and are less likely to get support from the biological father.

Their children suffer too. Babies born to girls under 20 are more likely to be premature, have a low birth weight, and to suffer from infection, chemical dependency and developmental disabilities. They are at greater risk for abuse and neglect, and even of dying before their first birthday. Many babies born to teen moms repeat the cycle and go on to become teen parents themselves. Parents can help prevent teen pregnancy by being involved in their teens’ lives and maintaining a close and open relationship. Experts advise parents to educate their children about the realities and risks of becoming sexually active at a young age. Encourage abstinence, but ensure that your teen understands the importance of, and has access to, reliable birth control if he or she should choose to become sexually active.

Pregnancy Symptoms and Pregnancy Care and Pregnancy Tips

Pregnancy helps Liver

Accessible Birth Control: The Answer to the Teen Pregnancy Epidemic?

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